A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge regarding Typhoid fever and its prevention among high school Students at selected Schools of Bareilly

 

Mr. Sandeep K R, Mrs. Sandhya Rani B S, Ms. Ranu Karki, Ms. Alisha Kant, Ms. Renu,

Ms. Jaspreet Kaur

Ganga Sheel School of Nursing, Bareilly (UP)

 

ABSTRACT:

Typhoid is a bacterial disease transmitted by food or water contaminated with the bacteria Salmonella Typhi. If you eat or drink something that is contaminated then the bacteria is able to enter your body. It travels throughout your body to get to the bloodstream where it can then reach your gallbladder, liver, spleen and other parts of your body. It is most prevalent in developing countries that tend to be unsanitary but can be brought into developed countries by international travelers. METHODS: Pre experimental one group pre test- post test design was used to conduct study among 60 high school student. Probability Simple random technique was used collect the data, Structured Knowledge Questionnaire tool was used. RESULT: Most of the high school students 35(58.35%) were from urban areas. Most of the student’s fathers 30(50%) were graduate. Most of the student’s mother 40(66.6%) were graduate. Most of the student’s father’s 24(40%) were in private job. Majority of the student’s 35(58.33%) have family income more than ₨ 20000. Majority of student’s 45 (75%) drink ground water, and lives 60 (100%) in hostel The overall pretest knowledge score of the high school students reveals that a majority of high school students 50(83.3%) have average knowledge, 07(11.6%) have good knowledge and 0 ( 0%) have poor knowledge. Where as in post-test, 09(15%) have good knowledge, 40(80%) have average knowledge and 07(11.66%) have poor knowledge. CONCLUSION: Structured teaching program was effective in enhancing and upgrading the knowledge of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Waterborne diseases are conditions caused by pathogenic micro organism that are transmitted in water. Disease can be spread while bathing, washing or drinking water, or by eating food exposed to infected water. Various forms of waterborne diarrheal disease are the most prominent examples, and affect children in developing countries most dramatically. The term waterborne disease is reserved largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted through contact with or consumption of infected water. Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to salmonella typhi that causes symptoms. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days; weakness, abdominal pain, constipation and headaches also commonly occur. Diarrhea is uncommon and vomiting is not usually severe. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots In severe cases there may be confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. The gram negative bacterium that causes typhoid fever is Salmonella Typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi._[2].

 

OBJECTIVES:

1.     To assess the level of knowledge of high school students on typhoid fever and its prevention.

2.     To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme among high school students on typhoid fever and its prevention.

3.     To find out the association between pre- test knowledge score and selected demographical variables.

4.     To find out the mean difference in knowledge score of students between pre-test and post-test.

 

HYPOTHESIS:

H₁:   The mean post-test knowledge is higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score regarding typhoid fever and its prevention among high school students of selected schools of Bareilly.

H_2:   There is significant association between the pre-test knowledge regarding typhoid and its prevention among high school students with their selected demographical variables.

 

RESULT:

Section 1: Distribution of sample characteristics according to socio demographic variables of high school students.

 

This section describes the characteristics of high school students in terms of age, gender, source of drinking water, residence, parent’s educational status, parent’s occupational status.

 

Table 1 – Frequency and percentage distribution of high school students according to socio- demographic variables.

Sl. No.	Demographic variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
01.	Age a) 15- 16 years b) 17- 18 years	40 20	66% 33%
02.	Gender a) Male b) Female c) Transgender	35 25 00	58% 41% 0%
03.	Educational status of father a) illiterate b) high school c) intermediate d) graduate and above	00 10 20 30	00% 50% 50% 50%
04.	Educational status of mother a) illiterate b) high school c) intermediate d) graduate or above	00 08 12 40	00% 13.33% 20% 66.6%
05.	Occupational status of father a) self employed b) private employed c) government employed d) other	.   08 24 08 19	13.33% 40% 13.33% 31.66%
06.	Family monthly income a) 5000-10,000 b) 10,000-15,000 c) 15,000-20,000 d) above 20,000	00 10 15 35	00% 16.66% 25% 58.33%
07.	Source of drinking water a) Ground water b) Tap water c) River water d) Well	45 15 00 00	75% 25% 00% 00%
08.	Residence a)     Urban b)     Rural	35 25	58.35% 41.66%
09.	Do you stay in hostel? a)      Yes b)     NO	25 60	41.66% 58.35%

 

SECTION II: Analysis and interpretation of knowledge scores of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention.

 

Table 2: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, of pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention. n=60

Area of analysis	Mean	Median	Mode	Standard Deviation
Pre-test	8.5	8	7	2.71
Post-test	19.55	20	20	2.904
Difference	11.05	12	13	0.194

 

Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge scores of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention. n=60

Knowledge scores	Pre-test		Post-test
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	%
Good (above 11)	7	11.6%	25	41.67%
Average (between 11-5)	50	83.3%	35	58.33%
Poor (below 5)	3	5.1%	0	0%\

 

Table 4: pre-test, post-test, percentage of knowledge scores of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention. n=60

Mean percentage of knowledge score of high school students
Groups	Total score	Pre-test	Post-test	Gain knowledge
High school students	1683	35%	81%	46%

 

Graph 1: Bar graph representing mean percentage gain in knowledge of the high school students according to their level of Knowledge scores

 

 

SECTION III:

Analysis and interpretation of data to find out association between knowledge scores with selected demographic variables.

 

H₂: There will be an association between pre-test knowledge scores of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention with their selected socio- demographic variables.

 

Table 4- Association between pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables among high school students. n=60

Sl. No.	Demographic variables	Good	Average	Poor	Chi-square  Cal Tab		Df
01.	Age a) 15- 16 years b) 17- 18 years	00 03	30 10	10 07	8.42	5.99	2	S.
02.	Gender a) Male b) Female c) Transgender	00 03 00	25 15 00	10 07 00	4.41	9.49	4	N.S
03.	Educational status of father a) Illiterate b) High school c) Intermediate d) graduate or above	00 01 01 00	00 05 15 23	00 05 04 06	05.82	12.59	6	N.S
04.	Educational status of mother a) Illiterate b) High school c) Intermediate d) graduate or above	00 02 03 02	00 05 08 27	00 01 01 10	8.27	12.59	6	N.S
05.	Occupational status of father a) Self employed b) private job c) government employed d) other	02 03 03 00	05 14 05 00	01 07 01 00	7.72	12.59	6	N.S.
06.	Family income a) 5000-10,000 b) 10,000-15,000 c)15,000-20,000 d) above 20,000	00 03 03 04	00 06 10 23	00 01 02 08	0.99	12.59	6	N.S
07.	Source of drinking water a) Ground water b) Tap water c) River water d) well	02 03 00 00	30 10 00 00	13 02 00 00	2.74	12.59	6	N.S
08.	Residence a)Urban b)Rural	03 02	23 20	09 03	4.38	5.99	02	N.S
09.	Do you stay in hostel a)Yes b)No	00 10	00 30	00 20	0	5.99	02	N.S

S.- Significant N.S.- Non significant

 

DISCUSSION:

Findings related to the selected socio demographic variables of the high school students:

In the present study, the sample size of high school students chosen for the study was 60, majority of the high school students 40(66%) belonged to the age group of 15-16 years.

 

Most of the high school students 35(58.35%) were from urban areas. Most of the student’s fathers 30(50%) were graduate. Most of the student’s mother 40(66.6%) were graduate. Most of the student’s father’s 24(40%) were in private job. Majority of the student’s 35(58.33%) have family income more than ₨ 20000. Majority of student’s 45 (75%) drink ground water, and lives 60 (100%) in hostel.

 

Findings related to the pretest knowledge scores of high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention:

The overall pretest knowledge score of the high school students reveals that a majority of high school students 50(83.3%) have average knowledge, 07(11.6%) have good knowledge and 0 (0%) have poor knowledge. Where as in post-test, 09(15%) have good knowledge, 40(80%) have average knowledge and 07(11.66%) have poor knowledge.

 

Findings related to the effectiveness of structured teaching program on high school students regarding typhoid fever and its prevention:

There is a significant gain in knowledge score of 46 % among the high school students who were exposed to the structured teaching program. The paired 't’ value (t_cal= 25) was greater than the tabulated value (t_tab= 2.00). Hence it indicates that the mean gain in knowledge scores of high school students who were exposed to structured teaching program was higher than pretest. Hence H₁ was accepted.

 

Findings related to the comparison of pretest and post-test knowledge scores of high school students who were exposed to structured teaching program.

The calculated value of paired ‘t’ test value (t_cal=25) was greater than the tabulated value (t_tab=2.00).

 

This indicates that the gain in knowledge scores was statistically significant at p< 0.05 level. There fore the structured teaching program on typhoid fever and its prevention among high school students in terms of gain in knowledge scores. Hence, H₁ was accepted.

 

Findings related to association between pretest knowledge scores of student nurses with their socio demographic variables.

The computed chi-square test for pretest knowledge revealed that there was statistical association for one demographic variables i.e. knowledge. Hence, H₁ was accepted and remaining variables were rejected.

 

REFERENCES:

1.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waterborne_diseases.

2.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever

3.      Luthra k, et al, “a review of the economic evidence of typhoid fever and typhoid vaccine” clinical infectious diseases, volume 68, issue supplement_2, 15 March 2019, pages S83- S95, Available at https//: doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1122

4.      Basvanthappa BT. Nursing theories. 1sted. New Delhi: Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd; 2008.

 

 

Received on 07.11.2019         Modified on 20.11.2019

Accepted on 10.12.2019      ©A&V Publications All right reserved